Marxism vs Functionalism Free Essays

As a sociological control, functionalism is counterposed to Marxism. Anyway it imparts to Marxism the significance of ‘totality’ and the comparing view that logical request depends on the relationship of parts inside an entirety. It is imperative to recognize why the Marxian utilization of the totality varies altogether from functionalist frameworks. We will compose a custom article test on Marxism versus Functionalism or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Essentially this includes the Marxian accentuation on the opposing character of the entire and the treatment of the social totality from the point of view of its contentions. Functionalism interestingly sees society by and large as a steady framework and searches for the instruments that give it agreement †it accordingly tries to decrease strife to a remaining component of the framework, or view struggle from the viewpoint of its upkeep of the social framework. Marxism was established by Karl Marx. Marx considered society to be partitioned into two significant parts, the financial base also called the foundation and the super-structure. Functionalists consider society to be a lot of parts which cooperate to shape an entirety. Functionalism is additionally called an agreement hypothesis. Marxism and functionalism are comparative in that they see that the manner in which society is organized as a significant part in deciding the manner in which individuals have connections and carry on between themselves. This is known as auxiliary point of view. The two functionalists and Marxists accept that individuals are depicted as animal inside the social framework. Functionalists accept that society works to the advantage of everyone. They stress that social orders keep on existing in light of the fact that a great deal of the time there is agreement between different viewpoints. Step by step instructions to refer to Marxism versus Functionalism, Papers

Socrates as “Eros”

Esther Rodulfa PHL-1010H-LD01 09/18/12 Socrates as eros? Genuinely, love takes on a wide range of structures. Love, for a long time, has been given a wide range of names. It likewise serves various capacities. To recognize a particular sort of adoration, one of them is called eros. How love as eros can be characterized depends on the usage of a particular writer’s point of view. Various distributed composed works may represent the meaning of eros. In this Essay, Plato’s view of adoration as eros will be depicted. Besides, how and why Socrates, of â€Å"The Apology† by Plato, epitomizes Plato’s meaning of eros will be shown.This exemplification will be based off Plato’s eros as poor being, eros as a delegate among God and men, and eros as similarity of the â€Å"god of Plenty†, eros’ father (Needleman 15 †17). As per Plato’s â€Å"Symposium†, eros has consistently been out of luck or poor (Needleman 16). Socrates exem plification of this portrayal of eros can be seen in Plato’s â€Å"The Apology†, where Socrates â€Å"remain in vast poverty† (Plato 509) because of his duty to his god through indicting Athenians for the state of their spirits and lives.Most of his time, Socrates chats with individuals and asks them inquiries relating their way of life. Because of this he needs more time to make income for himself. Consequently, a portion of his audience members put in effort to listen to him and take on his advices (Plato 509). This significantly more steps away for a while from Socrates. In spite of the fact that others see this as Socrates showing the Athenians with a charge, not one observer affirmed of Socrates’ action of charging expenses from anybody (Plato 519), which demonstrates his lack of engagement in acquiring financial riches that adds to his impoverishment.It can be proposed that Socrates doesn't invest extraordinary arrangement of energy in getting fisca l riches or delight (Plato 519) because of this dedication. He puts more need on his consideration for Athenians than tending for his own wellbeing. His full commitment and penance for others’ great purpose add to his state of being poor. Other than this, after Socrates was charged blameworthy, he brought to the table an elective punishment for himself. In any case, he said â€Å"I have no cash to pay† (Plato 526) if at any point his elective punishment was to pay a fine.It can be inferred from this Socrates’ profound destitution condition because of his failure to pay his opportunity from the out of line blameworthy charges squeezed against him. Since the passing discipline upon him is excessively extraordinary, Socrates would require such a lot of cash to revoke this discipline; yet as he stated, he doesn't have any methods for doing as such because of his destitution. Another meaning of eros, as Plato characterizes it, is a mediator among God and men. By midd le person, it implies that eros â€Å"interprets†¦between divine beings and men† (Needleman 15).He additionally conveys â€Å"to men the orders of the gods† (Needleman 15). Subsequently he brings association among god and men. Socrates in â€Å"The Apology† encapsulates these attributes in barely any manners. During Socrates preliminary, he concedes that he has been â€Å"commanded by god† (Plato 521) to reprimand the Athenians of their silly ways and arrive at a revelation of their lives squandered on cash and satisfying egotistical wickedness wants. He likewise says that he sporadically gets â€Å"signal from God† (Plato 529) at whatever point an off-base motivation is about move him.Since all he wants is satisfying the privilege and just activities, he completely relies upon the awesome voice he professes to hear so the message of god will arrive at the Athenians. In doing as such, he will achieve the god’s told upon him. Notwithstan ding, it appears that the Athenians don't want moral living as directed by the god Socrates’ follows. By the by, Socrates remains on his undertaking and doesn't surrender to debilitation as he serves his go-between job. Besides, Socrates accentuates to the Athenians that â€Å"I am actually the one given to you by God† (Plato 519).How he certified this is through his disavowal of self; refusal of own delights, forswearing of wellbeing, and forswearing of own enthusiasm for an amazing duration for the Athenians excellence. Without a doubt, precluding or denying self from claiming satisfying own narrow minded wants is troublesome as human live for own egotistical finishes. Additionally, these narrow minded wants appears to be worked in to people. People have regular propensities to act as per what the person wants, notwithstanding it being childish and in some cases evil.In the Athenian culture, which Socrates portrays as a â€Å"big pure blood horse† (Plato 518) because of its wealth, riches, and enormity, it very well may be deduced that a portion of its residents forces this wealth and riches, and for the individuals who don't may have extraordinary wants for winning such riches and influence to, once more, meet own narrow minded finishes. Be that as it may, Socrates varies from this in this that he never pined for riches and extravagance, which makes him remarkable and favor his case as sent by the god to the Athenians.And, this affirms he typifies eros as the middle person among god and men. Additionally, Plato likewise characterizes eros through eros’ legacy of his father’s, lord of bounty, qualities (Needleman 16). These qualities incorporate eros being strong, being â€Å"terrible as an enchanter†, who interweave intrigue or interest, â€Å"keen in quest for wisdom†, and a â€Å"philosopher at all times† (Needleman 16). Socrates in â€Å"The Apology† shows these qualities from numerous points of view. Socrates’ strength exuded from his nervy and explicit location towards the Athenian residents and officials.He searched out other notable residents of extraordinary force and are known to have â€Å"highest reputation† (Plato 508) and questioned them to quantify their shrewdness. Specifically, he moved toward writers and inferred that â€Å"no knowledge empowered them to compose† (Plato 508) and they look like seers and prophets by not â€Å"understanding anything of what they say† (Plato 508). As an artist whose enthusiasm is writing and is known for expressiveness, innovativeness, and endowment of lovely considerations, for Socrates to make a case of a poet’s void sythesis renders extraordinary offense on the poet’s part, and even more demonstrates Socrates’ boldness.Moreover, Socrates claims he can't be harmed by either Meletos or Anytos’ proposed demise discipline to Socrates for he thought â€Å"the unceasing la w precludes a superior man to be harmed by worse† (Plato 518). By this, he alluded the better man as himself and the more regrettable as either Meletos or Anytos. Obviously, these men have some force as they speak to those individuals who may have been outraged by Socrates. However Socrates strikingly recognizes them as more awful than himself. Other than this, Socrates sincerely guarantees that he uncovered and impedes â€Å"the numerous unfair and illicit doings† (Plato 519) of the Athenian state.Certainly, the Athenians would thoroughly disdain Socrates for conceding these deeds of his yet he recklessly and openly proclaims this during the preliminary. Adjacent to this, Socrates completely announces that the Athens’ lives aren't right (Plato 528) and taking his life would not stop any censure to happen upon them. His certainty on this issue can likewise work up more disturbance among the group yet he still boldly declared this. From every model Socrates gave d uring his preliminary, he knew about the dangers yet because of his dauntlessness, he had the option to get over his message to the Athenians.Other than his strength, Socrates additionally typifies eros as somebody who is â€Å"terrible as an enchanter† and who join the interest and enthusiasm of his crowd (Needleman 16). He accomplishes this through his ability of shrewd wordings and expressions to associate with and catch consideration of the Athenians. Socrates regularly utilized expressions, for example, â€Å"I ask and implore you most earnestly† (Plato 503), â€Å"I offer to the majority of you to hold up under me out† (Plato 505), â€Å"don’t make a hubbub, courteous fellows, stay calm as I beseeched you, hear me without hullabaloo at what I need to say† (Plato 507) and numerous others.Through these, he can enrapture their consideration and block a potential mayhem among them so he can unmistakably convey his message to them. For a horde of 501 individuals, it will be hard to neutralize turmoil in the event that it emerges. In any case, things being what they are, Socrates had the circumstance leveled out while he conveyed his discourse on his preliminary day. This mirrors his solid charming capacities, much the same as eros. Socrates likewise has an ability of working up enthusiasm of those that he speaks to.Although a few residents of Athens have been insulted by Socrates’ conviction, some of them were really â€Å"delighted to hear individuals being cross-examined† (Plato 509) and that some of them decided to emulate Socrates’ methods of making individuals, who thinks they have intelligence, understand that they have no shrewdness by any means. Moreover, Socrates exemplifies eros through their likeness in â€Å"keen quest for wisdom† and being a â€Å"philosopher at all times† (Needleman 16). As he was going about questioning individuals, he â€Å"approached the craftsmen† ( Plato 508). He has no information on being crafty.But since he adores picking up information, whatever it might be, he proceeded with his discussion with them since he realized he would get the hang of something that has â€Å"much of genuine value† (Plato 508). Going further his preliminary, Socrates guarantees the residents that he will â€Å"never stop being a philosopher† (Plato 517) and that he will keep offering guidance and interviewing and testing the individuals who think they have intelligence. Regardless of whether this costs him his life on the line, Socrates will demand in doing these to anybody he goes over with. After the jury at long last affirms his passing discipline, Socrates found the choice good since he

Bargaining Power Of Suppliers

Bargaining Power Of Suppliers UNDERSTANDING SUPPLIERS © Entrepreneurial Insights based on the concept of Porters 5 ForcesAn important force within the Five Forces model is the bargaining power of suppliers. All industries need raw materials as inputs to their process. This includes labor for some, and parts and components for others. This is an essential function that requires strong buyer and seller relationships. If there are fewer suppliers or if they have certain strengths and knowledge, then they may wield significant power over the industry.In this article, we will look at 1) understanding suppliers, 2) bargaining power of suppliers, 3) effect on target market, 4) example    the diamond industry, and 5) example the fast food industry.UNDERSTANDING SUPPLIERSTypes of Suppliers © Entrepreneurial InsightsDepending on the industry, there are different types of suppliers. Some of these may be:Manufacturers: Manufacturers are producers of either the entire product or components that feed into the end product manufacturing process. If the parts supplied are generic and have easily available alternates, the manufacturer will have less power. Conversely, if the manufacturer has important expertise or no competing producers, they will have significant say in the value chain.Distributors Wholesalers: These types of suppliers purchase products in large quantities from different companies, store these goods and eventually sell to retailers. These products may be made available at higher prices than if bought directly from the manufacturers, but this allows purchases to be made in smaller quantities than a manufacturer will be willing to supply.Independent Suppliers/Craftspeople: These people manufacture unique items in small quantities and provide them exclusively t hrough representatives or trade shows.Importer: These suppliers will purchase from international sources and sell to local retailers. They essentially act like domestic wholesalers/distributors for these products.Managing SuppliersGiven the importance of suppliers to the entire value chain, it is in the interest of companies to create and maintain good supplier relations. Some strategies that can be employed to this end include:The first step is to evaluate the cost and the value of the entire supply chain. With proper understanding, a supplier’s importance to the process can be evaluatedAnother important step is to build two way relationships with the suppliers. This can enable both parties to work together to achieve lower production costs that benefit everyone.Companies need to accept accountability for their end of the process. This means putting in orders on time and not requiring unnecessary changes later on.There need to be service level agreements and performance evaluatio n metrics predefined to keep an objective measure of performance. This will allow clear expectations to be set and followed up on.In addition to penalties, incentives also need to be established to encourage value creation through optimized production and delivery times.Critical information regarding the process needs to be shared with the supplier to ensure that there are no delays or unnecessary costs incurred. Open communication channels with the required levels of security and confidentiality will help strengthen the relationship with suppliers.There need to be plans in place for exceptional circumstances and emergencies. If processes are in place then the risk associated with them can be minimized.Contingency plans should be put together to avoid disruption to the value chain. Natural disasters or other disruptive events can be managed smoothly if all parties know the plan of action.Honesty should be rewarded in cases where an exceptional situation occurs and a warning is issue d in time and up front. No penalties should be put on the supplier in these situations.Meaningful meetings that focus on the critical issues for value chain improvement as well as relationship development can strengthen the buyer seller link.  BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERSWhen suppliers have bargaining power, they can apply pressure on a company by charging higher prices, adjusting the quality of the product or controlling availability and delivery timelines. Within the five forces framework, there is an understanding that when suppliers have this bargaining power, they can affect the competitive environment and directly influence profitability for the company.Factors that Increase Supplier PowerSuppliers may have more power:If they are in concentrated numbers compared to buyers.If there are high switching costs associated with a move to another supplier.If they are able to integrate forward or begin producing the product themselves.If they have specific expertise or technology need ed to manufacture goods.If their product is highly differentiated.If there are many buyers and none make up significant portions of sales.If there are no substitutes available.If there are strong end users who can exert power over the organization in favor of a supplier (This can be the case in labor situations).In all of these cases, the bargaining power of suppliers is high to demand premium prices and set their own timelines.POWERFUL SUPPLIERS AND THE TARGET MARKETWhen a company’s suppliers have significant power over the value chain, it can directly impact how the company serves its own customers. Depending on what power the supplier chooses to exert, a company may have to reflect this through product prices, product quality and quantity available. Too much disruption in any of these areas may even mean that a company is no longer able to stay in business. A company may need to end operations or shift to another industry to avoid being dictated by the whims of a supplier.Prici ng The first issue a company usually has to face from a strong supplier is increased costs. A supplier who knows that they cannot be removed may insist on raising prices for their raw material too soon, or ahead of agreed upon timelines. If the buyer has to choice but to pay these prices, the resultant increase in total production cost will either need to be absorbed by the company itself or passed on to the consumer. If the profit margin does not allow the company to absorb this pressure, it will mean higher prices in the market. The target market may not be receptive to this change and sales may suffer. A loss of customers to a competing product or substitute may be another undesirable outcome.Supply/Product AvailabilityIf a supplier is unwilling or unable to meet quantity targets, then the company may have to deal with demand that outweighs supply. This can happen either in regular scenarios if the company decides to try and increase sales or at peak sale times such as holidays o r special occasions where people tend to buy more of some types of products.Quality IssuesThere may be cases where the supplier decides to compromise on the quality of the product in order to bring down costs. This will directly impact the company’s product offering and may create a negative impact on the end consumer if the quality issues are significant enough to impact user experience. There may be an increase in complaints, returns and exchanges, and in worse cases, an entire switchover to another product.Dictating Industry DynamicsIf a single large supplier chooses to supply to only certain companies, it may end up with the power to push companies out of the industry. In these cases, a company will be helpless and unable to save itself. If the product is a fully manufactured by a supplier, they may also choose to deign selling it directly to the customer often at a lower price.Mitigating Supplier PowerIf supplier power becomes too strong in the market, companies will try to f ind ways to reduce this power. If the demand for the product is high enough, there may be ways to develop alternate ways to produce or sell a product that reduces the supplier power. Product re-design, or product line diversification may be some of the ways that companies can try to dislodge powerful suppliers.EXAMPLE THE DIAMOND INDUSTRY © Flickr | Kim AlanizThe diamond industry worldwide has historically been controlled by De Beers, a world famous and cartel like company. In addition the industry is global in nature making a regional analysis irrelevant. The supply chain moves from one country to the next. Over the years, this power has moved from De Beers to a more widespread competitive marketplace with a few major competitors and some second tier ones. The modern diamond industry started in 1867 when diamonds were discovered in South Africa. Prior to this, limited quantities were extracted from India and Brazil.There are 3 types of diamond segments are industrial diamonds which have use in manufacturing processes, jewelry diamonds that are rough diamonds polished to be used in ornaments, and investment diamonds that are high quality gemstones with special characteristics. The diamond supply chain is vast including processes such exploration, mining, sorting, cutting and polishing, jewelry manufacturing, and even retailing.DeBeers And The Global Diamond Industry[slideshare id=23172625doc=debeersmagicfinale-130618211342-phpapp02]Issues in the IndustryThere are several issues that are pertinent to the diamond industry. These include:The industry has shifted from a pure monopoly to more of an oligopoly or consolidated one.Awareness within the diamond producing countries to be more involved in the process and to take ownership of this resource.There is a decrease in the supply if diamonds but an increase in worldwide demandAn awareness about and movements against conflict or blood diamonds which has made it necessary for suppliers to employ better practices.The synthetic diamond market is growing because technology has allowed the manufacture of these almost at par with the value of natural ones. This has shifted profitability and customer perceptions of valueFive Forces AnalysisKeeping these industry dynamics in mind, the five forces analysis is discussed below:Bargaining Power of SuppliersThe re is increasingly larger number of competitors in the market which has meant a larger supply of diamonds in the market. In the past, De Beers solved oversupply problems by collecting and storing them to be sold when deemed appropriate by them. This meant enormous power of the supplier over the industry. With the change in market structure and pressure by anti-cartel laws, this power has diminished somewhat. De Beers now focuses more on repositioning itself as the supplier of choice and not the only supplier. The company has handled bans on stockpiling by reducing mining and leaving diamonds inside mines. There is also more of a focus on stronger vertical integration, by moving to value-added retailing and partnerships with premium fashion brands such as Louis Vuitton.Other ForcesThreat of New Entrants: Before the breakup of the De Beers monopoly, it was virtually impossible for new entrants to jump into the industry. With forced change in business practices, stronger implementation of laws and discovery of diamonds in areas outside of the De Beers scope of control, competition has now increased in the market. There is now room for about 3 more major players and several smaller niche operators who often consolidate and manage to compete in smaller segments.Bargaining Power of Buyers: Historically, consumers had no control over the diamond industry, its pricing and supply. With an economic downturn in the industry, there was reduction in demand which lead to an oversupply problem and reduced prices. To address this, major companies reduced mining operations and turned the industry back to its higher demand lower supply model. Once again, the buyer’s power is non-existent in this industry.Threat of Substitutes: The biggest threat to the diamond industry are from high quality high tech synthetic diamonds. These directly impact the basis of the value of the diamond, i.e. the customer perception of its rarity and value. The price of diamonds are not a true indica tor of their value or supply. But it is all in the perceptions of the consumers. With synthetic diamonds, consumers will begin to challenge the diamond as a rare natural item and in some places they may overtake the sale of natural diamonds. In addition, these are sustainable and not the result of invasive mining activities. They are also easy to identify as not originating from a conflicted area. All these aspect make the threat of substitutes a real oneCompetitive Rivalry: In a change from previous industry structures, the broken cartel now means that there is some competitive pressure from the industry. There are still limited players, but overall, the increased presence of different companies means a more competitive market.EXAMPLE THE FAST FOOD INDUSTRY © Flickr | JoeySuppliers play a key role in the value chain of the fast food industry. Chain restaurants rely on suppliers for food items, packaging, napkins, as well as items like plates and spoons. The same suppliers may be serving competing chains in an industry. This means that the power of these suppliers needs to be assessed by any company looking to enter the industry. A strong supplier may be able to effect profitability, quality of products and force companies to raise prices.   The following factors may raise the bargaining power of suppliers:If the suppliers have a larger base of customers, then they will be able to exert more control over the buyer. When the bulk of sales in not made up of one company’s business, the supplier can afford to drop a buyer who resists its efforts to exert control.If there are only a few suppliers in the market then they will manage to have more control. Fast Food chains can simply pick other suppliers in industries where suppliers are mani fold. In this case the supplier will have to meet the buyer’s demands or sell a highly differentiated product.Suppliers with strong brand names of their own will be able to exert more control. Generic products on the other hand will have significantly less bargaining room. For example, condiment makers who supply to chain stores may be able to leverage consumer preferences for their product over a generic one of the same type. Also, beverage choices such as a preference for Coca Cola over Pepsi may drive people from one chain to the otherAny fast food chain needs to consider what power suppliers in its regional market exert before making the decision to move into that market or expand operations.Image credit:  Flickr | Kim Alaniz and Flickr | Joey under Attribution 2.0 Generic.

The Onset Of The Great Depression - 801 Words

The onset of the Great Depression in 1929 with the crash of the stock market caused several businesses and banks to fail, resulting in the loss of over 10 million jobs. In the wake of Hoover s failure to prevent the continuous downward spiral of the economy and the overall condition of America, Franklin D. Roosevelt took action within a few short months to get the country back on its feet. With his emergency session of Congress to enact the first part of his New Deal and within two years complete the second part of this agenda. The goal was for the government to intervene within the economy and create stability for businesses and their workers. The New Deal conserved Big Business to the extent in which they could aid to stabilize the economy but significantly changed due to Roosevelt’s socialistesque goals for the average American to prosper. Within the First New Deal, Roosevelt kept the banks and industry from failing, but instead allowed them to be taken under the wing of the government. These institutions had become the backbone of the American economy and without them America would have remained an indefinite amount of time in this depression. One of Roosevelt’s first goals was to reestablish America’s confidence in the banking system. The Emergency Banking Relief Bill put poorly managed banks under the control of the Treasury Department and granted licences to those who had already failed. By doing so Roosevelt could reassure the security of the banks to the public soShow MoreRelatedBipolar Disorder And Mental Health Issue1619 Words   |  7 PagesFalret who described the condition as â€Å"la folie circulaire† which literally translates to circular insanity (Seddler, Dessain 1983). In his research Falret described this condition as alternating cycles of over the top excitement followed by deep depressions. 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The Negative Side of The Internet Essay - 1761 Words

When it comes to the topic of technology, most people will readily agree that it has been growing non-stop at a significant pace. About 16 years ago, technologies, such as computers were not a necessity in mainstream life. Since then, technology has progressed and people have become extremely reliable on. In the essay â€Å"What’s the Matter with Kids Today?† by Amy Goldwasser, she talks about the positive aspects of the Internet. According to Goldwasser, â€Å"Twenty-plus years ago, high school students didn’t have the Internet to store their trivia†(Goldwasser 238). By stating this, Goldwasser explains that over the years the Internet has become a necessity in the lives of the majority of students today. Although the Internet provides sufficient†¦show more content†¦The amount of time a teen spends on the computer can affect how well they socialize with people in the real world. Teens have a hard time interacting with one another in person becau se what someone will say online could be something they would in no way say in person. This can cause an individual to become extremely timid in person because they sit on the computer knowing they have the ability to state whatever they want. Users who spend too much time in cyberspace are typically fleeing problems with relationships or trying to address deep feelings of insecurity or loneliness†¦and as with other addictions, what at first seems like a pleasurable retreat from pain, gradually becomes a tyrant, interfering with work, family life and normal, healthy contact with other people (Macklin). Macklin’s point is that people have become so dependent Internet that is has strongly effected everyday life. 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New Public Health Measures Free Essays

string(123) " the steady rise of health promotion, expressed such ways as the formation of the Australian Health Promotion Association\." THE NEW PUBLIC HEALTH Stephen R Leeder 7 March 2005 James Cook University, Townsville Introduction All of us here today are public health enthusiasts. If we weren’t we would be somehwere else, maybe helping sick people to get better. That is a worthy calling and thank goodness for all the people who do it. We will write a custom essay sample on New Public Health Measures or any similar topic only for you Order Now But so too is prevention, so too is keeping society healthy, so too is protecting the environment, so too is keeping food and water safe, so too is attending to immunization and child health. When we talk about public health these latter things, that focus on the whole community, or groups within society and the things that determine their health, are what we are talking about. This is big picture stuff. This is about asking why some communities are healthy and some are ill. Why do some communities have such high rates of diabetes, like the Pacific Islands, while other countries have no diabetes but lots of HIV and TB? These are the kind of interests and enthusiasms that have led people into public health as a career for as long as it has been around. These are the kind of questions that were asked ages ago and which are still appropriate to be asked now. So what is this thing called the ‘new’ public health? How has it come about and does it have added value? In brief, the new public health has come about because of growing interest in the subtle interaction of the environment with people living in affluent societies. The old public health remains the public health that most of the world needs, quite frankly, because communicable disease, malnutrition and other scourges are still the major killers worldwide. These are more or less the same as those that led people in the fifteenth century to look at how things such as the plague and cholera could be controlled through sanitation, clean water and quarantine. The new public health But the new public health is much more concerned with the interplay between affluence, social well being, education and health, social capital and health. These are not hard and fast things, like having no system for waste water disposal or using contaminated drinking water. They are more subtle, but in societies like ours where the basic public health engineering and mmunization and food safety are well in place and require surveillance but not reinvention, these new factors – the social, economic and community quality factors – are rising in importance as determinants of health and causes of illness. 1 For example, Michael Marmot has done studies with Geoffrey Rose and others in the UK examining coronary disease rates among civil servants, known a s the Whitehall studies. They found that things like a sense of social control and cohesiveness were important determinants of whether people develop coronary disease. Money wasn’t everything. In the Whitehall II study, Marmot (Director of the International Centre for Health and Society at the University College London) and his colleagues examined the psychological characteristic of work termed â€Å"low control† – meaning that an individual worker had little control over his or her daily activities in the workplace. The results showed that it was an important predictor of the risk of cardiovascular disease and that it had an important role in accounting for the social gradient in coronary disease. 1 The origins of the new public health The Canadians have been very active over many years in promoting our understanding about the interplay between society and social environmental factors and health. This started in 1974 when Marc Lalonde, who was then the Canadian health minister, commissioned a report on the health of Canadians which proposed four sets of factors that were important to keep in mind when thinking about the health of the public. The Lalonde Report2 refers to these four factors collectively as â€Å"The Health Field Concept†. The four elements are human biology, environment, lifestyle and health care organization. The human biology element includes all those aspects of health, both physical and mental, which are developed within the human body as a consequence of the basic biology of man and the organic make-up of the individual. The environment category includes all those matters related to health which are external to the human body and over which the individual has little or no control (for example, foods, water supply, etc). The lifestyle category consists of the aggregation of decisions by individuals which affect their health and over which they more or less have control. The fourth category in the concept is health care organisation, which consists of the quantity, quality, arrangement, nature and relationships of people and resources in the provision of health care – the health care system. The Lalonde Report was ground breaking in its day and provoked widespread international interest. Implementation proved to be far harder than was expected and the resilience of the health-care system to drain resources away from the first three fields was spectacular. Nevertheless, Canada has had a more lively interest in the contribution of the first three fields to health and has preserved a degree of control over health care, including rigid enforcement of a restriction on numbers of doctors trained and practicing, ever since. Although perhaps not a direct consequence of the Lalonde Report, Canada has also 2 played a leading role in the evolution of health promotion as a discipline. Several of the leaders in the field, now nearly 30 years on from the Report, are Canadians. They have had a special sensitivity to the potential for health gain by examining not only what can be done to encourage and sustain changes in individual human behaviour that will contribute to better health, but also those changes that can be effected in the natural and built environment that can assist in achieving this goal. Health promotion and the new public health In Australia, the new public health has been reflected in the steady rise of health promotion, expressed such ways as the formation of the Australian Health Promotion Association. You read "New Public Health Measures" in category "Papers" The Association’s major objectives include providing opportunities for members’ professional development, increasing public and professional awareness of the roles and functions of health promotion practitioners, and contributing to discussion, debate and decision making on health promotion policy and programs. Since its incorporation in 1990, the Health Promotion Association has grown and developed such that it now has an established function and a central place in Australia’s health promotion landscape. Health promotion is an active form of public health in which an agenda is set with communities and individuals to affirm positively the value of health and push towards high levels of health, seeing it rather as the WHO does as a positive state of well being and not simply the absence of illness. Health promotion uses a range of tactics and methods to achieve its ends, including community participation, development and skill strengthening, advocacy (where health professionals and others lobby for health to be taken seriously at political and commercial levels), and education. Something of a contrast has come to be drawn between the activist promotion end and the formal epidemiological end of the public health spectrum, the former hoeing in boots and all to effect change and the latter taking careful steps, using rigorous studies and statistics, to establish cause and effect relationships before acting. Both groups tend to drive one another nuts. This is a lively tension and not one that is likely to go away. Professor Fran Baum who is head of the Department of Public Health at Flinders University in Adelaide has written a book entitled The new public health: an Australian perspective, that I commend to you. In it the idea of the new public health is given extensive coverage. 3 Source: Baume, F (1988) The new public health: an Australian perspective The new public health overlaps and interacts with other health movements of the past decade – particularly health promotion, primary health care, community health, women’s health, Aboriginal health, workers’ health and health education. History of the new public health The new public health started to develop in the 1980s. It was in the mid-1980s that there was a significant shift in public health when the WHO’s first international conference on health promotion was held in Ottawa, Canada. There were two driving forces behind the Ottawa Charter. It was clear that the Health for All by the Year 2000 strategy was not being adopted by industrialised countries, and the limitations of the lifestyle and behavioural approaches were increasingly being seen as requiring a new conceptualization for health promotion. Also the time was opportune for a more health promotion statement. The Ottawa Charter managed to integrate many of the different perspectives of health promotion. While being seen as the foundation of the new public health, it did not reject behavioural and lifestyle approaches, but saw them as part of the acquisition of personal skills for health. The Charter is based on the belief that health requires peace, shelter, education, food, income, a stable ecosystem, social justice and equity as prerequisites. 4 Box 3. 1: The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, 1986 The Development of healthy public policy, which recognises that most of the private and public sector policies that affect health lie outside the conventional concerns of health agencies. Rather they are in policies such as environmental protection legislation, progressive taxation, welfare, occupational health and safety legislation and enforcement, land rights legislation and control of the sale and distribution of substan ces such as alcohol and tobacco. Health becomes, therefore, a concern and responsibility of each sector of government. The creation of supportive environments in which people can realise their full potential as healthy individuals. The Charter recognises the importance of social, economic and physical environmental factors in shaping people’s experiences of health. †¢ Strengthening community action refers to those activities that increase the ability of communities to achieve change in their physical environmental factors in shaping people’s experience of health. †¢ The development of personal skills acknowledges the role that behaviour and lifestyles plays in promoting health. The skills called for are those that enable people to make healthy choices. It also extends the skills base for health to those associated with community organisation, lobbying and advocacy, and the ability to analyse individual problems within a structural framework. †¢ Reorientation of health services is a call for health systems to shift their emphasis from (in most industrialised countries) an almost total concentration on hospital-based care and extensive technological diagnostic and intervention to a system that is community-based, more user-friendly and controlled, which focuses on health. The Ottawa Charter stresses the importance of, and recommends: †¢ Advocacy for health †¢ Enabling people to achieve their full health potential †¢ Mediation between different interests in society for the pursuit of health Source: Baume, F (1988) The new public health: an Australian perspective Following in the spirit of the Ottawa Charter, in 1986 the Better Health Commission (BHC), a group established by the then Commonwealth Minister for Health, Neal Blewett, published Looking Forward to Better Health. Its brief was to recommend ways in which health in Australia might be promoted, especially though ways that were 5 nconventional for the medical and public health professions. It was part of Australia’s response to the World Health Organization’s commitment to achieve equitable levels of health for all people, according tot the political and economic possibilities of each country, by 2000. This report contained proposals for achieving greater equity in he alth in Australia together with strategies to address several major preventable contributors to death and disease. Task forces established goals and targets for three priority health topics: cardiovascular disease, nutrition and injury. In making these choices the Commission was concerned to identify not only big problems, but also problems potentially amenable to prevention. Heart disease, the principal cause of death, was also chosen because of its multiple modifiable causes (e. g. diet, smoking an sedentary living), nutrition because of its multiple consequences (e. g. diabetes, heart disease and cancer) and injury because it cannot be dealt with preventively by efforts confined to health care but must involve industry, transport, law enforcement and industrial relations. These three major health problems in contemporary Australian society are priorities for health promotion by virtually any criterion. The work of the BHC was taken further in the National Better Health Program and led to the formulation of national health goals and then national health priorities which remain in place today. By the end of the 1980s, despite success, there was some Australian scepticism about the new directions in public health. Some questioned whether the new public health was really ‘new’ or simply old ideas in new clothing. This criticism is somewhat harsh as one of the features of the Ottawa Charter is that it does not ignore public health history but rather builds on it. The Ottawa Charter reflected numerous social and health movements of the previous 120 or so years. Its claims to be ‘new’ derives from how it pulled together numerous and diverse movements to present a package which gave public health a more radical and cohesive direction than had been the case for some time. Today, public health is alive and well and confronting in this country the challenges that it can assist ameliorate. We are an astonishingly healthy nation – on average. We have the second longest healthy life expectancy of all nations, a fraction behind Japan. But within our country we have communities including those of some of our Indigenous people where these privileged are far from being available. It is here that a combination of old and new public health measures is required. Good work is being done and more is needed. This is the mission of public health. 6 References 1. Marmot, M ‘Inequalities in Health’, The New England Journal of Medicine 2001;345(2):134-136 2. Lalonde, M (1974) A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians. Ottawa: National Ministry of Health and Welfare 3. Baume, F (1998) The new public health: an Australian perspective Publisher: Oxford University Press 4. Leeder S R (1999) Healthy Medicine, Challenges facing Australia’s health services Publisher: Allen Unwin 7 How to cite New Public Health Measures, Papers

Paintball Essays - Paintball, Outdoor Recreation, Rifles, Recreation

Paintball So, your son, daughter, or husband is begging for your okay to buy the latest paintball equipment. It's surprising, but after only one or two trips to the paintball field, folks just get hooked! While you'd like to share their enthusiasm for the sport and give your much needed "go ahead," you are concerned with your loved ones shooting paintballs at other players and being shot at. Don't feel like you're alone. These are common and serious concerns that deserve a thoughtful response. The following paragraphs will hopefully explain why our sport is the fastest growing sport in the world and that it doesn't have anything to do with people hurting one another. Paintball has had an astounding safety record. Medical and insurance statistics show that paintball is safer than bowling! This is a strong testimony to the game and they players who play it. Paintball is a safe sport as long as rules are followed. Insurance statistics also show that paintball is much safer than golf, jogging, downhill skiing, snow boarding, tennis, swimming and many other more common sports. Safety is highly stressed at most fields. The majority of fields require goggles be worn at all times unless in designated areas. In addition to this fields also require that barrel plugs (plastic inserts that prevent projectiles from leaving your gun's barrel) be used while players are in certain areas. Ignoring safety is a good way to get yourself ejected from a field. Men and women of all ages and life-styles play paintball in over 30 countries. From schoolteachers or high school students, professionals or technicians, all paintball players share a love for adventure and a strong competitive team spirit. Paintball is similar to the childhood games of "tag" and "hide and seek", but much more challenging and sophisticated. There are various game formats. Usually, a group of players will divide into two teams to play "capture the flag". The number of players on a team varies from four or five players, to as many as 100 players on each side, limited only by the size of the playing field. The object of the game is to capture the other team's flag while defending your own flag station. Players compete to eliminate opposing players by tagging them with a paintball expelled from an airgun. Games usually have a time limit of 20 to 45 minutes. Between 10 - 15 games are played during one day. Between games, players may check their equipment, reload paintballs or have a snack and share stories about the thrills of victory and the usually funny agonies of defeat. Win or lose, everyone has a great time! A paintball is a round, dime-sized gelatin capsule with colored liquid inside. Paintballs are similar to large round vitamin capsules or bath oil beads. The liquid is non-toxic, non-caustic, water-soluble, and biodegradable. It rinses out of clothing and off skin with mild soap and water. Paintballs come in a rainbow of colors. When a paintball tags a player, the gelatin ball opens and the liquid leaves a "paint" mark. A player who is marked is eliminated from the game. Paintball guns come in a variety of styles. Some are small stock pistols, powered by small 12-gram CO2 cartridges that need to be changed after 15 to 25 shots. Other paintball guns are rifle-like, with shoulder stocks and longer barrels. These are powered by larger, refillable CO2 cylinders that supply hundreds of shots. Some paintball guns are pump-actions. Each time you shoot, you must first cock the paintball gun by using a pump. Other paintball guns are semi-automatic, which re-cock automatically. Just squeeze the trigger! Paintballs won't hit hard enough to cause an injury as long as proper safety procedures are followed. Protective covering with multiple layers of clothing is recommended. To protect their eyes, all players must always wear approved-for-paintball goggles in every area where shooting is allowed, even at the target range. Barrel plugs are required anywhere off the playing field. Professional referees on the playing field control the games, enforce the rules of fair play, and monitor safety rules. Most paintball fields have a staff of trained referees that allows them to conduct several games simultaneously. Paintball is a sport where women and men compete equally and where age is not dominated by youth. Size and strength are not as important as intelligence and determination. Being able to think quickly and decisively are what makes a great player. Paintball is a character-building sport where every decision and every move counts. Players learn the importance of teamwork and